E475 ^ 

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LINCOLN 

AT 

PETTYSBURG 




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PUBLISHED 

IN CONNECTION AVITH 

THE EXHIBITION 

OF THE HISTORICAL PAINTING OF 

LINCOLN AT GETTYSBURG, 

BY 

ALBION H. BICKNELL, 



Conta'uxing ^iatni^-oxu l^ife-^ije portraits : 



Abraham Lincoln, 
John A. Andrew, 
Bsnj. F. Butler, 
Salmon P. Chase, 
Frederick Douglass, 
Edward Everett, 
Wm, P. Fessenden, 



U. S. Grant, 
Horace Greeley, 
Hannibal Hamlin, 
Oliver 0. Howard, 
Andrew Johnson, 
Geo. B. McClellan, 
George G. Meade, 



Oliver P. Morton, 
Charles Sumner, 
Edwin M. Stanton, 
Horatio Seymour, 
William H. Seward, 
Gideon Welles, 
Henry Wilson, 



DOLL & RICHARDS^ 

No. 2 Park Street, Boston. 

COPYRIGHT. 

1879. 



TT is proposed to publish a fine steel-plate engrav- 
ing of " Lincoln at Gettysburg," and arrange- 
ments have been made whereby the work is under way, 
and will be completed, it is expected, in 1881. The 
plate, exclusive of margin, will be 24 x 39^ inches in 
size, and will be executed in the best manner in line 
and stipple. No pains will be spared to make it the 
leading American engraving of an American subject 
by an American painter. 

There will be four grades, viz. ; — 

Artist's Proof . . . . $30" 00 

* Autograph Proof . . . • 20 00 

India Print . . . . 15 oo 

Print 10 00 

* * Your subscription is respectfully solicited. 

Doll & Richards. 

* The autograph proof will include fac-similes of the signatures of all 
represented in the picture. 



LINCOLN AT GETTYSBURG. 




jN the 19th of November, 1863, a little 
over four months after the tide of war 
had been turned at Gettysburg, and 
the civil strife had received its death-blow on 
Northern ground, a great and peaceful throng 
gathered on the field, from which the blood- 
stains had hardly been washed, to dedicate a 
national cemetery for the loyal men who had 
there given up their lives for their country. 

The idea of a military cemetery at Gettys- 
burg was probably first broached in public by 
Mayor F. W. Lincoln, of Boston, who, on 
July 23d, twenty days after the battle, sent a 
special message to the city council, recom- 
mending that action be taken towards the 
purchase of ground on the battle-field and 
adjoining the rural cemetery of Gettysburg, 
as a burial-place for the Massachusetts dead. 



4 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

This idea speedily developed into a project 
for a national cemetery, and on Nov. 19th the 
ground was dedicated, the invitation to the 
ceremonies being extended by Gov. Curtin, 
of Pennsylvania, seconded by the governors 
of eighteen other States. 

The mild, Indian-summer day witnessed one 
of the most notable gatherings ever assembled 
in the United States, and the artist has availed 
himself of the opportunity presented by the 
occasion to group around the grand central 
figure of Abraham Lincoln some of the most 
prominent of the statesmen and soldiers of 
the war period, — the Cabinet ministers Sew- 
ard, Stanton, Welles, and Chase ; Vice-Presi- 
dent Hamlin ; the war-governors Andrew of 
Massachusetts, Seymour of New York, Mor- 
ton of Indiana, and Johnson of Tennessee ; 
the statesmen Everett, Sumner, Fessenden, 
Wilson, and Greeley ; Frederick Douglass, 
representing the race made free in the strug- 
gle ; and the generals Grant, Meade, McClel- 
lan, Howard, and Butler. It would be difficult 
to select twenty-one men more representative 



Lincoln at Gettysburg. 5 

of the elements, both miUtary and civil, united 
in defence of the Union. 

It is worth while to note the relations in 
which some of these men afterwards . stood 
towards each other. McClellan was the op- 
ponent of Lincoln in the presidential cam- 
paign of 1864, and we behold Gen. Grant, 
together with the opposition candidates for 
the Presidency both of 1868 and 1872, — Sey- 
mour and Greeley. Andrew Johnson is here, 
with many of the men who subsequently be- 
came his bitterest political enemies. In the 
picture are three Presidents, — Lincoln, John- 
son, and Grant ; and three Vice-Presidents, — 
Hamlin, Johnson, and Wilson. 

The moment represented is just at the close 
of Everett's oration, Lincoln having arisen 
and being just about to begin that brief but 
famous dedicatory address, which, for concise- 
ness, force, 'and simple eloquence, is regarded 
as one of the masterpieces of oratory. 



LINCOLN'S ADDRESS. 




FELLOW-CITIZENS : Fourscore and 
seven years ago our fathers brought 
forth upon this continent a new 
nation, conceived in Hberty and dedicated 
to the proposition that all men are created 
equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil 
war, testing the question whether the nation, 
or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, 
can long endure. We are met on a great 
battle-field of that war. We are met to dedi- 
cate a portion of that field as a final resting- 
place of those who here gave their lives that 
that nation might live. It is already fitting 
and proper that we should do this. But in a 
larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot 
consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. 
The brave men, living and dead, who strug- 
gled here, have consecrated it far above our 



Lincoln s Address. y 

poor power to add or detract. The world will 
little note nor long remember what we say 
here, but it can never forget what they did 
here. It is for us rather to be dedicated here 
to the unfinished work -that they who fought 
here have thus far so nobly carried forward. 
It is rather for us here to be dedicated to the 
great task remaining before us ; that from 
these honored dead we take increased devo- 
tion for that cause which they defended with 
their lives; that we here highly resolve that 
these dead shall not have died in vain; that 
this nation, under God, shall have a new birth 
of freedom, and thatci^e government from the 
people, for the people, and by the people, shall 
not perish from the earth. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

BRAHAM LINCOLN was bom in a 
part of Hardin County, now included 
in Lerue County, Kentucky, Feb. 12th, 
1809. In 1 8 16 his parents removed to what 
is now Spencer County, Indiana, where he 
spent ten years in hard farm-work. His 
entire school-training amounted to about one 
year. In 1830 he removed with his father to 
Macon Cdunty, Illinois. He helped in build- 
ing a flat-boat, and went to New Orleans on it, 
whither he had already made one voyage. 
On his return he became clerk in a store at 
New Salem, Illinois. He joined a volunteer 
company in the Black Hawk war, and was 
elected captain, served three months, returned, 
was nominated as Whig candidate for the 



Biographical Sketches. 9' 

Legislature, but was defeated, although his 
own precinct gave him two hundred and 
seventy-seven votes to seven against him. 
He was appointed postmaster of New Salem, 
and at the same time began to study law. 
He also did some work at surveying. In 
1834 he was elected to the Legislature, and 
was re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840. He 
began to practise law in 1836, and removed 
to Springfield in April, 1837, where he entered 
into partnership with Major John F. Stuart, 
and soon became eminent in his profession. 
In 1844 he canvassed the State for Henry 
Clay, and in 1846 he was elected a represent- 
ative in Congress, taking his seat in Decem- 
ber, 1847, where he stood on the anti-slavery 
side, and opposed the annexation of Texas. 
At the Whig National Convention, in 1848, 
he advocated the nomination of Gen. Taylor. 
At the Republican Convention, in 1856, his 
nomination for the Vice-Presidency was vainly 
urged by the Illinois delegation. In June, 
1858, he was unanimously nominated by the 
Republican State Convention as candidate for 



10 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

the United States Senate, in opposition to 
Stephen A. Douglas, and the two stumped 
the State in company. The general verdict 
was that Lincoln was the master in argu- 
ment, and on the popular vote he had a 
plurality of over 4,000, but the Democrats 
had a majority of eight votes in the Legis- 
lature, and Douglas was re-elected. On May 
1 8th, i860, he was nominated for President by 
the Republican National Convention at Chi- 
cago, with Hannibal Hamlin for Vice-President, 
and was elected in the following November. 
In consequence of this result the Southern 
States seceded, and on April 8th, 1861, a 
little over a month after his inauguration as 
President, the civil war actually began with 
the attack on Fort Sumter. To tell the story 
of Lincoln's wise administration during the 
most critical period of the nation's history, 
pages would have to be devoted to the recital 
of events with which nearly everybody is 
familiar. The Proclamation of Emancipation, 
giving freedom tQ^all slaves in the Confederate 
States after Jan. ist, 1863'P'was issued on Sept, 
1 



Biogi'apJiical Sketches, ii 

22d, 1862, five days after the battle of Antie- 
tam. Lincoln was renominated by the Re- 
publican National Convention in Baltimore on 
June 8th, 1 864, with Andrew Johnson for Vice- 
President, and they were triumphantly elected. 
The tide had long been turned in favor of the 
North, and the speedy success of the Union 
arms was assured. Only five days after the 
surrender of Gen. Lee had substantially ended 
the war, and all the loyal States were filled 
with rejoicing, President Lincoln fell a martyr 
to the cause he had guided to victory. On 
the evening of April 14th he was assassinated 
in Ford's Theatre, Washington, by the actor, 
J. Wilkes Booth, and he died the next morn- 
ing. The news caused the most intense and 
sincere manifestations of popular sorrow which 
the country had- ever known. His body was 
buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- 
field, Illinois, where his grave is now marked 
by an elaborate monument, dedicated on Oct. 
15th, 1874. 



12 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 



JOHN ALBION ANDREW. 

John Albion Andrew, the '' war governor 
of Massachusetts," was born in Windham, 
Maine, May 31st, 1818. He graduated at Bow- 
doin College in 1837, went to study law in 
Boston, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. 
Pie was particularly active in the defence of 
fugitive slaves, and was early identified with 
the anti-slavery party. In 1858 he was elected 
to the State Leg^islature from Boston, and in 
i860 he was chosen governor of Massachu- 
setts by an immense popular vote. Foresee- 
ing the civil war, he had the militia placed 
on such a footing that within a week after the 
President's call for troops, five infantry regi- 
ments, a battalion of riflemen, and a battery 
of artillery had been despatched to the seat 
of war. He served as governor through the 
war, and his services were invaluable to the 
Union cause. He prepared the address to the 
President, adopted by the conference of gov- 
ernors of the loyal States, held in Altoona, 



Biographical Sketches. 13 

Penn., in September, 1862. In 1865 he de- 
clined a fifth re-election, and resumed the 
practice of law. He died in Boston, on Oct. 
30th, 1S67. It was felt that a great statesman 
had been lost, to whom, had he lived, almost 
any position in the land would have stood 
open. A statue of Gov. Andrew has been 
placed in the Doric Hall of the State House 
in Boston, and another marks his grave in the 
cemetery at Hinghara, Mass. 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER. 

Benjamin Franklin Butler was born in 
Deerfield, N. H., Nov. 5th, 181 8. He graduated 
at Waterville College, Maine, in 1838, and, 
three years after, began his legal career at 
Lowell, Mass. He entered into politics as a 
Democrat, was elected as a representative to 
the State Legislature in 1853, and as State 
senator in 1859. In i860 he was a prominent 
member of the Democratic National Conven- 
tion at Charleston, and, in the same year, 



14 Lincoln at Getty sbnrg. 

was the candidate of his party for governor of 
Massachusetts. When the war broke out, he 
was brigadier-general of miUtia, and he im- 
mediately took an active part. While in 
command of Fortress Monroe, he refused to 
deliver up some fugitive slaves on the ground 
that they were *' contraband of war," — a phrase 
which made the expression " contraband " a 
familiar one for escaped slaves. He captured 
Forts Hatteras and Clark, on the North Caro- 
lina coast, in August, 1861, and then returned 
to Massachusetts to recruit an expedition for 
the Gulf of Mexico. The fleet under Farra- 
gut having opened the way,jGen. Butler took 
possession of New Orleans on May ist, and 
ruled it with an iron hand until November, 
when he was recalled. Towards the end of 
1863, he was placed in charge of the depart- 
ment of Virginia and North Carolina, after- 
wards called the Army of the James. He 
made an unsuccessful attack on Petersburg 
while Gen. Grant was marching on Richmond, 
and in December, 1864, he was repulsed in 
an attempt to take Fort Fisher, off Wiiming- 



BiograpJiical Sketches. 15 

ton, N. C. In 1866 he was elected to Con- 
gress by the RepubHcans, and was re-elected 
in 1868, 1870, and 1872 ; and in 1868 was the 
most prominent of the managers appointed by 
the House of Representatives to prosecute 
the impeachment of President Johnson. In 
1 87 1 and 1873 he made bold but unsuccess- 
ful attempts to obtain the Republican nomi- 
nation for governor of Massachusetts. In 
1874 he was again the Republican congres- 
sional candidate from the Essex district, but 
was defeated. In 1876 he was elected from 
the Middlesex district. In 1878 he left the 
Republican party, and obtained the nomina- 
tion for governor from a majority of the Dem- 
ocratic Convention, but was defeated at the 
polls. 



SALMON PORTLAND CHASE. : 

•J 

Salmon Portl'and Chase was born in 
Cornish, New Hampshire, Jan. 13th, 1808. ] 
When twelve years old he went to live with • 
his uncle. Philander Chase, in Worthington, : 



1 6 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

Ohio. After a year at Cincinnati College, he 
returned to his mother's home in Keene, New 
Hampshire, and in 1824 he entered the Junior 
Class of Dartmouth College, where he gradu- 
ated in 1826. He shortly after started a 
school for boys in Washington, meanwhile 
studying law. In 1829 he was admitted to 
the bar of the District of Columbia. In 1830 
he returned to Cincinnati, where he soon gained 
a high reputation in his profession. In 1837 
he defended a colored woman claimed as a 
fugitive slave, and thenceforward was promi- 
nent in the anti-slavery movement. In 1841 
he was one of the principal originators of the 
Liberty party in Ohio, and he wrote the ad- 
dress to the people issued by the convention 
which organized the party. In August, 1 848, he 
presided over the Buffalo Free-Territory Con- 
vention which nominated Martin Van Buren 

for President and Charles Francis Adams for 

* 
Vice-President, In 1849 ^^ ^^^^ chosen United 

States senator from Ohio. In 1852, when the 

Democratic party abandoned its opposition to 

slavery, Mr. Chase withdrew from it. He was 



Biographical Sketches. ly 

elected governor of Ohio, in 1855, by the op- 
ponents of the Pierce administration. In 1856 
he was a prominent candidate for the Republi- 
can nomination for the Presidency. In 1857 
he was re-elected governor of Ohio. In the 
Republican presidential convention of i860, 
Mr. Chase was one of the prominent candi' 
dates for the nomination. In i86r he was 
appointed Secretary of the Treasury, and held 
the office until July 30th, 1864. when he re- 
signed. The financial policy of the war period 
was mainly his work, including, as it did, the 
issue of greenbacks and of coupon bonds, and 
the national banking system. In October, 
1864, Mr. Chase was appointed successor of 
Chief Justice Taney. In March, 1868, he 
presided at the impeachment trial of President 
Johnson. Having become dissatisfied with 
the course of the Republican party, he was 
proposed as a candidate for the Democratic 
presidential nomination in the same year, and 
he also acted with the Democratic party in the 
campaign of 1872. He died in New York on 
May 7th, 1873. 



1 8 Lincoln at Gettysburg, 



FREDERICK DOUGLASS. 

Frederick Douglass was born a slave at 
Tuckahoe, Talbot County, Maryland, about 
1817. His father was a white man, and his 
mother a negro slave on the plantation of Co!. 
Edward Lloyd, where he lived until he was 
ten years old, when he was sent to a relative 
of his master in Baltimore. Here he secretly 
taught himself to read and write. He ran 
away from slavery on Sept. 3d, 1838, and went 
to New Bedford, where he lived for three 
years, marrying in the mean while and sup- 
porting himself by day labor. In 1841 he 
made a speech at an anti-slavery convention 
in Nantucket, and thereupon was offered the 
agency of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery 
Society, which he accepted. He spent four 
years lecturing in New England, and in 1845 
published his Autobiography. In the same year 
he went to Europe and lectured on slavery 
throughout Great Britain, being enthusiasti- 
cally received. In 1846 his English friends 



Biographical SketcJies. 19 

raised ;£r50 that he might purchase his free- 
dom in regular form. *In 1847 he returned 
and began the pubUcation of a weekly paper 
in Rochester, New York, which he continued 
for several years. In 1859, on account of a 
requisition from the governor of Virginia be- 
cause of his suspected connection with the 
John Brown affair, he fled from Michigan, 
where he was at the time, to England. After 
a few months he returned to Rochester and 
continued his paper. When the war broke 
out he urged immediate proclamation of eman- 
cipation and the employment of colored troops, 
and in 1863, when such action was finally de- 
termined on, he was active in organizing 
colored regiments. In 1S71 he was secretary 
of the San Domingo Commission, and on his 
return he was appointed a member of the ter- 
ritorial council of the District of Columbia by 
President Grant. In 1872 he was chosen a 
presidential elector at large by the State of 
New York. In 1877 President Hayes ap- 
pointed him Marshal of the District of Colum- 
bia, which oflice he now holds. 



20 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 



EDWARD EVERETT. 

Edward Everett was born in Dorchester 
(now part of Boston), Mass., April nth, 1794. 
He graduated from Harvard College at the 
age of seventeen, and in 18 13 became pastor 
of the old Brattle Street Church, in Boston. 
In 1 8 14 he was made professor of Greek at 
Harvard College. He travelled and studied 
in Europe until 18 19, when he assumed the 
duties of his professorship, and also became 
editor of the " North American Review." In 
1824 he was elected a representative to Con- 
gress, where he served for ten successive 
years. In 1835 he was chosen governor of 
Massachusetts, and held the office for four 
years, but in 1839 he was defeated by a major- 
ity of one vote. In 1840 he was appointed 
minister to England by President Harrison, 
Daniel Webster being Secretary of State at 
the same time. He was largely instrumental 
in the negotiation of the Webster-Ashburton 
Treaty, which settled a number of troublesome 



I 



Biographical Sketches. 21 

questions between England and the United 
States. In 1845 he was chosen president of 
Harvard University, but after a term of three 
years, was compelled by ill health to resign. 
On the death of Webster, in October, 1852, he 
was appointed Secretary of State, .and held 
the office during the last four months of Presi- 
dent Fillmore's administration. In the mean 
while he was elected United States senator 
from Massachusetts, and was prominent in 
his opposition to the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 
for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. 
In 1854 he resigned his seat on account of 
ill health, and, after a few months, he took an 
active part in the movement for the purchase 
of Mount Vernon by private subscription, 
raising by his speeches, writings, and indi- 
vidual efforts over ^100,000. In i860 he was 
candidate for Vice-President on the " Union " 
Bell and Everett ticket. During the civil 
war he took a patriotic part, and at the conse- 
cration of the Gettysburg cemetery he deliv- 
ered the oration. In 1864, at the election 
of Lincoln and Johnson, his name headed the 



22 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

Massachusetts electoral ticket. On Jan. 9th, 
1865, he delivered an address in Faneuil Hall, 
Boston, in aid of the movement for sending 
food to the Savannah sufferers. This was his 
last public appearance, and he died on the 
following Sunday, Jan. 15 th. 



WILLIAM PITT FESSENDEN. 

William Pitt P'essenden was known as 
Maine's great senator, and belonged to the 
same political generation as Sumner, Wilson, 
Seward, and Chase. He was born in Bos- 
cawen, N. H., Oct. i6th, 1806 ; attended Bow- 
doin College, where he graduated in 1823 ; 
remained in Maine, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1 827, settling at Bridgeton. He removed 
to Portland in 1829, and soon became promi- 
nent in politics, as well as in law. He was a 
member of the Whig party, and was elected 
to the State Legislature in 1832 and 1840. 
From 1 84 1 to 1843 he was a representative in 
Congress. In 1845-6 and 1853-4 he was 



Biographical Sketches. 23 

again in the Legislature, and in the latter year 
he was chosen a United States senator, by a 
union of Whigs and Free-Soil Democrats. 
With but a short interruption he remained 
senator until his death. Thg movement which 
brought about his election was the beginning 
of the agitation which led to the formation of 
the Republican party in Maine, and Mr. Fes- 
senden was one of its chief organizers. He 
was a member of the " Peace Congress " in 
1 86 1. In 1864 he succeeded Mr. Chase as 
Secretary of the Treasury, but he resigned in 
1865, and resumed his place in the Senate, 
where he was very prominent in financial and 
national questions. He was chairman of the 
Special Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 
and was author of its report recommending an 
amendment of the Constitution. When Pres- 
ident Johnson was impeached, he was one of 
the few Republican senators who voted for 
his acquittal. He died in Portland, Sept. 8th, 
1869. 



24 Lmcoln at Gettysburg. 



ULYSSES SIDNEY GRANT. 

Ulysses Sidney Grant was born in Point 
Pleasant, Ohio, April 27th, 1822. He entered 
West Point Military Academy in 1839, grad- 
uating in 1843. He served in the Mexican 
war, at the end of which he was brevet-cap- 
tain. In 1852 he went with his regiment to 
the Pacific coast, and while there was com- 
missioned full captain. In 1854 he resigned 
and engaged in business in St. Louis. When 
the war broke out he was in the leather trade 
with his father at Galena, Illinois. He en- 
listed as captain of volunteers, and was soon 
promoted to be brigadier-general. He was 
prominent, in the movement on Fort Henry, 
and won the great victory of Fort Donelson, 
on Feb. 15th, 1862, which gained him the title 
of major-general of volunteers. He turned 
defeat into victory at Pittsburg Landing, and 
was placed in command of the department of 
West Tennessee. He began the siege of 
Vicksburg, May i8th, 1863, and the city sur- 



biographical Sketches, 25 

rendered to him on July 4th, of the same year, 
in consequence of which he received the title 
of major-general in the regular army. Thence- 
forth he was the great hero of the war, and a 
gold medal was voted him by Congress. On 
March ist, 1864, ^e was appointed lieutenant- 
general, and he was placed in command of the 
national army. He planned the two cam- 
paigns, one against Richmond and the other 
against Atlanta under Sherman. He con- 
ducted the former himself, and after desperate 
resistance and temporary successes on the 
part of the rebels under Gen. Lee, he captured 
Petersburg early in April, 1865, and on the 
9th of the same month received the sword of 
Lee at Appomattox Court House, the surren- 
der practically closing the war. He was ap- 
pointed general of the army, July 25th, 1866. 
In August, 1867, he was appointed Secretary 
of War ad interim during the suspension of 
Stanton by President Johnson. He was 
unanimously nominated for President, with 
Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President, by the 
Republican Convention at Chicago, May 21st, 



26 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

1868, and was elected by a large majority 
over Seymour and Blair. He was re-elected 
in 1872, with Henry Wilson as Vice-Presi- 
dent, over Horace Greeley and B. Gratz 
Brown. At the close of his second term in 
I Z'j'j he went abroad, and has since been hon- 
ored with flattering ovations in all the coun- 
tries which he has visited. 



HORACE GREELEY. 

Horace Greeley was born in Amherst, 
N. H, Feb. 3d, 181 r. He was early distin- 
guished for a love of learning, and he read 
everything within his reach. In 1826 he fol- 
lowed his inclination, and became a printer, 
entering the office of the " Northern Spectator," 
in East Poultney,Vt., as apprentice. After em- 
ployment in New York State and in Pennsyl- 
vania, he went to New York City in 1831, and 
worked as journeyman until 1833, when, in 
partnership with Francis V. Story, he pub- 
lished the " Morning Post." After publishing 
various newspapers with more or less success. 



Biographical Sketches. 27 

he started the " Daily Tribune," which soon 
became a great power in journalism. In 1848 
he was elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. 
He was early a foe to slavery. He made 
short trips to Europe in 185 1 and 1855. In 
i860 he attended the Republican Convention 
at Chicago, where he opposed the nomination 
of Seward. Just before the war, he was for 
allowing the Southern States to withdraw, 
but after fighting had begun, was a strong 
friend of the Union. In 1864 he was a pres- 
idential elector. In 1867 he went bail for 
Jefferson Davis. In 1872 he had become 
dissatisfied with the administration, and he 
joined the Liberal Republican movement, re- 
ceiving the presidential nomination of that 
party, with B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, for 
Vice-President. These nominations were sub- 
sequently adopted by the Democrats at Balti- 
more. His exertions during the campaign 
and the disappointment of his defeat had so 
broken his health that he died, after a brief 
illness, on Nov. 29th, 1872. His funeral, which 
was an imposing one, was attended by Presi- 



28 Lincohi at Getty sbitrg, 

dent Grant, Vice-President Colfax, Vice-Presi- 
dent-elect Wilson, and many other distin- 
guished citizens. 



HANNIBAL HAMLIN. 

Hannibal Hamlin was born in Paris, Me., 
Aug. 27th, 1809. He was admitted to the bar 
in 1833. In 1836 he was elected to the 
Maine Legislature, and was Speaker of the 
House of Representatives from 1837 ^o 1840, 
In 1842 he was elected to Congress by the 
Democrats, and was re-elected in 1844; and, 
in 1848, he was chosen to fill a vacancy in the 
United States Senate, and in 185 1 was re- 
elected. He was one of the organizers of the 
Republican party, and was elected governor 
of Maine in 1856, but, on being re-elected 
senator, he resigned the governorship. In 
i860 he was elected Vice-President of the 
United .States on the same ticket with Lin- 
coln. In 1865 he was appointed collector of 
the port of Boston, but he soon resigned. In 
1869 he was again elected to the United 
States Senate, and in 1S75 was re-elected 



Biographical Sketches. 29 

OLIVER OTIS HOWARD. 

Oliver Otis Howard was born in Leeds, 
Maine, Nov. 8th, 1830. After graduating at 
Bowdoin College in 1850, he entered West 
Point, where he graduated in 1854. In 1857 
he was appointed instructor in mathematics 
there. In June, 1861, he resigned his com- 
mission as lieutenant, and took command of a 
Maine regiment. He commanded a brigade 
at Bull Run, and was appointed brigadier- 
general of volunteers in the following Septem- 
ber. He lost his right arm in the battle of 
Fair Oaks, June ist, 1862. After Antietam he 
commanded a division of the Second Corps, 
and at. Chancellorsville the Eleventh Corps. 
After the death of Reynolds he commanded 
at Gettysburg during the first day, until the 
arrival of Gen. Hancock, and afterwards was 
appointed major-general of volunteers. He 
was at Lookout Valley, at Chattanooga, and 
in the movements for the relief of Knoxville, 
in 1863. He took command of the Army of 
the Tennessee on July 27th, 1864. He was 



30 Lincoln at Getiysbnrg. 

prominent in the campaign against Atlanta, 
and commanded the right wing of Sherman's 
army in its march to the sea. On March 13th, 
1865, he was appointed brevet major-general 
in the regular army, having, a short time 
previously, been appointed brigadier-general. 
On May 1 2th, 1865, he was made commissioner 
of the Freedmen's Bureau, and held the office 
until the bureau was abolished, in 1872. On 
March 19th, i Z^J, he was appointed a trustee of 
Howard University, became president of the 
institution, April 6th, 1869, and resigned in 
1873. On March 6th, 1872, he was appointed 
special commissioner to the Indians. Gen. 
Howard is now engaged in the operations 
against the hostile Indians in the extreme 
West. 



ANDREW JOHNSON. 

Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh',''? 
North Carolina, Dec. 29th, 1 808. At the age of 
ten years he was apprenticed to a tailor, and, 
becoming extremely interested in listening to 



BiograpJiical Sketches, 31 

a gentleman who used to visit the shop and 
read to the journeymen, he determined to learn 
to read, and devoted all his leisure time to 
this object. In 1826 he went to Tennessee, 
taking with him his mother, whom he sup- 
ported. He settled in Greenville, where he 
married, and learned writing and arithmetic 
from his wife. He became interested in 
politics, was successively elected alderman 
and mayor of the village, and in 1835 was 
elected to the Tennessee Legislature as a 
Democrat. In 1839 ^^ "^^^ again elected to 
the same place, and in 1841 to the State Sen- 
ate. In 1843 he was elected to Congress, and 
held his seat for ten successive years. In 
1853 he was elected governor of Tennessee, 
and in 1855 was re-elected. In 1857 he was 
elected to the United States Senate, where he 
became very prominent in his party. In the 
presidential campaign of i860 he supported the 
ultra Democratic ticket, — Breckenridge and 
Lane. But when the question of secession 
came up, he was strongly on the side of the 
Union, and was thenceforth active in its sup- 



32 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

port. On March 4th, 1862, he was appointed 
mihtary governor of Tennessee, which he 
ruled vigorously and in a way that greatly 
strengthened and developed the loyal senti- 
ment in the State. On June 7th, 1864, he was 
nominated for the Vice-Presidency of the 
United States by the RepubUcan Convention 
at Baltimore, and was elected, becoming Presi- 
dent on the assassination of Lincoln. His 
reconstruction policy was so opposed by the 
majority Cf the Republican party that, at last, 
he received the support of the Democrats, 
and, after various disagreements with Con- 
gress, on Feb. 22d, 1868, the House of Rep- 
resentatives passed a resolution impeaching 
the President for high crimes and misdemea- 
nors. On May 26th, President Johnson was 
acquitted, the vote in the Senate standing : 
guilty, 35 ; not guilty, 19, — a two-thirds vote 
being required for conviction. He failed of a 
nomination by the Democratic Convention in 
1868, and was succeeded in the Presidency by 
Gen. Grant. In 1875 he was elected to the 
United States Senate from Tennessee. He 
died on July 31st of the same year. 



Biographical Sketches. 33 

GEORGE BRINTON McCLELLAN. 

George Brinton McClellan was born in 
Philadelphia, Dec. 3cl, 1826. He studied at the 
University of Pennsylvania and entered West 
Point in 1842, graduating in 1846. He served 
in the Mexican war and was promoted to the 
rank of brevet-captain. After the war he was 
engaged in various engineering enterprises in 
connection with the army, and in 1855-56, 
being captain of artillery at the time, he was a 
member of the mihtary commission appointed 
to visit the seat of war in the Crimea. He 
resigned his commission June 1 6th, 1857, and 
became chief engineer of the Illinois Central 
Railroad. In i85o he was made president of 
the St. Louis and Cincinnati Railroad. He 
entered the civil war as major-general of 
Ohio volunteers, and was appointed to the 
same rank in the regular army May 14th, 1861. 
He won decisive victories in West Virginia, 
and on July 15th received the thanks of Con- 
gress. On July 22d, the day after the defeat 
at Bull Run, he was placed in command of the 



34 Lincoln at Gettysburg, 

division of the Potomac, and on the retirement 
of Gen. Scott, on Nov. ist, he was made general- 
in-chief of the Union armies. After his de- 
feat at Malvern Hills, July ist, i362, he was 
superseded by Gen. Halleck, and was made 
the successor of Gen; Pope as commander of 
the forces in and about Washington after the 
defeat of the latter at the second battle of 
Bull Run. After the repulse of Lee at the 
battle of Antietam, Gen. McClellan caused dis- 
satisfaction by the slowness' with which he 
pursued him, and on Nov. 7th, just as he was 
about to make an attack, he was superseded, 
and ordered to Trenton, New Jersey. He 
took no further part in the war. On Aug. 31st, 
1864, he was nominated for the Presidency by 
the Democratic Convention at Chicago, with 
George H. Pendleton for Vice President, but 
was defeated. He resigned his commission in 
the army on Nov. 8th, 1864. He shortly after- 
wards went to Europe, whence he returned 
in 1868 and engaged in various engineering 
enterprises. He was elected governor of 
New Jersey in 1878. 



BiograpJiical Sketches. 35 

GEORGE GORDON MEADE. 

George Gordon Meade was born in Cadiz, 
Spain, Dec. 30th, 181 5, where his father was at 
the time engaged in mercantile pursuits. He 
graduated at West Point in 18-5, served in 
the Florida war, and resigned from the army 
in 1836. He then engaged in engineering, 
and in 1842 he rejoined the army as second 
lieutenant of topographical engineers. He 
served with distinction in the Mexican war, 
was brevetted first lieutenant, and on his 
return received a sword from the citizens of 
Philadelphia. He was made captain of engi- 
neers in 1856, and until 1861 had charge of 
the surveys on the Northern Lakes. He 
went into the war in 1861 as brigadier-general 
of Pennsylvania volunteers. He took part in 
various battles of the Virginia campaign, and 
was severely wounded at Frazier's Farm, on 
June 30th, 1862. At Antietam he was slightly 
wounded, and had two horses shot under him, 
and in November he was made major-general. 
On June 28th, 1863, he succeeded Gen. Hooker 



36 Lincoln at Getty sbiLvg, 

as commander of the Army of the Potomac, 
and on July*-ist-3d he won the grand victory 
of Gettysburg. On the last day of the battle 
he was made brigadier-general in the regular 
army. From May 4th, 1864, down to the end 
of the war, he was in command of the Army 
of the Potomac under Gen. Grant, and was 
made major-general in the regular army Aug. 
1 8th, 1864. On Jan. 28th, i856, he received a 
vote of thanks from Congress for his victory 
at Gettysburg. He died i:i Philadelphia, 
Nov. 6th, 1872, and after his death a fund of 
;^ 100,000 was subscribed for his family. 



OLIVER PERRY MORTON. 

Oliver Perry Morton was born in Wayne 
County, Indiana, Aug. 4th, 1823 ; graduated at 
the Miami University, and began the practice 
of law in 1847. He soon became active in 
politics, so that in 1852 he was elected a cir- 
cuit judge. He was a member of the Repub- 
lican party from the start, and was nominated 
for governor of Indiana in 1856, but was de- 



Biographical Sketches. 3^ 

feated. In i860 he was elected lieutenant- 
governor; and in 1861, on the election of 
Governor Lane to the United States Senate, 
he became governor, and held the office 
through the war, being elected for a second 
term in 1864. In 1865, having been stricken 
with paralysis, he visited Europe in search of 
health, but returned in the following year and 
resumed the governorship. In June, 1866, 
although so ill that he was obliged to keep 
seated in his chair, he delivered a powerful 
speech, which was received with great en- 
thusiasm, and of which over a million copies 
were printed. In January, 1867, he was 
elected to the United States Senate. In 
1870 he declined the mission to England 
proffered him by President Grant, and in 
1873 he was re-elected to the Senate. He 
belonged to the radical wing of the Re- 
publican party, but after the inauguration 
of President Hayes he warmly supported 
the President's policy. He had been in deli- 
cate health for years, but his naturally robust 
constitution and remarkable mental vigor en- 



38 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

abled him to rise above these obstacles and 
exert a powerful political influence. But his 
health broke entirely down in the autumn of 
1877, and after a painful illness he died in 
Indianapolis on Nov. ist. President Hayes, 
who was his warm personal friend, visited his 
bedside shortly before his death. 



CHARLES SUMNER. 

Charles Sumner was born in Boston, Jan. 
6th, 181 1. He studied at the Latin School, 
and graduated at Harvard College in 1830. 
Being admitted to the bar, he was soon ap- 
pointed reporter of the United Slates Circuit 
Court, and rapidly gained a brilliant reputa- 
tion, especially *as an authority on constitu- 
tional law and the law of nations. He went 
abroad in 1837, and remained three years, 
enjoying extraordinary social honors. He took 
no active part in politics until 1845, when, on 
the Fourth of July, he delivered a lecture on 
" The True Grandeur of Nations," denouncing 
war, and advocating the settlement of interna- 



Biographical Sketches, 39 

tional disputes by arbitration. He then ear- 
nestly opposed the annexation of Texas, and 
took a strong anti-slavery stand. On April 
24th, 185 1, he was elected to the United States 
Senate, and retained his seat until his death. 
His first great speech was on the unconstitu- 
tionality of the Fugitive Slave Act. On May 
19th and 20th, 1856, he delivered a great 
speech on " The Crime against Kansas," which 
so enraged Preston S. Brooks, a representative 
from South Carolina, that on May 22d he at- 
tacked Mr. Sumner in his seat, beating him 
on the head with a gutta-percha cane, until he 
fell insensible to the floor. His injuries were 
so severe that he did not fully recover for 
several years. In January, 1857, he was re- 
elected almost unanimously, there being only 
seven negative votes in the lower House and 
none in the Senate. He made two trips 
abroad for his health, in 1857 and 1858. In 
the campaign of i860, he spoke several times 
in favor of Lincoln and Hamlin and during 
the war ; he steadily opposed all compromise 
with slavery, advocating emancipation as the 
best way to bring the conflict to an end. As 



40 Lincoln at Gcttysbin'g. 

chairman of the Committee on Foreign Rela- 
tions, he had an important influence in keep- 
ing the country out of foreign comphcations. 
In April, 1 869, his speech on our claims against 
Great Britain caused great excitement in Eng- 
land, where active preparations for war were 
immediately begun in consequence. His 
opposition to the San Domingo Treaty led to 
a breach with President Grant, and finally 
to his separation from the Republican party 
and his support of Horace Greeley, with the 
Liberal Republicans and Democrats, in the 
campaign of 1872. In September of that year 
he was nominated governor of Massachusetts 
by the Democrats and Liberal Republicans, 
after he had sailed for Europe, but he declined 
as soon as he heard the news. The Legis- 
lature of Massachusetts passed a vote of cen- 
sure on him for a resolution which he intro- 
duced in Congress, for the removal from the 
regimental colors and the army register of the 
names of battles in the civil war. The vote 
was rescinded in 1874, shortly before his 
death, which took place in Washington on 
March nth. 



Biographical Sketches. 41 

EDWIN McMASTERS STANTON. 

Edwin McMasters Stanton was born in 
Steuben ville, O., Dec. 19th, 1814. He studied 
two years at Kenyon College, and was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1836. In 1847 he removed 
to Pittsburg, Penn., and gained such a large 
practice in the Supreme Court of the United 
States that he removed to Washington in 
1856. In 1858 he w^ent to California as gov- 
ernment counsel in important land cases. In 
December, i860, he became attorney-general 
of the United States, and served through the 
rest of President Buchanan's term. In Janu- 
ary, 1862, he was appointed Secretary of War, 
in which position he instituted some of the 
most important measures of the war. He 
continued Secretary under -President Johnson ; 
but his opposition to the President's policy 
led to various difficulties, and in August, 1867, 
his resignation was requested. The Tenure- 
of-0*ffice Act had taken away the President's 
power of removal, and Mr. Stanton refused, 
but he gave way under protest to Gen. Grant 
as Secretary ad interim. He was reinstated 



42 * Lincoln at Getty sbitrg. 

by the Senate in January, 1868 ; and the diffi- 
culties with the President continuinsf, the lat- 
ter was impeached. Mr. Stanton resigned 
when the President was acquitted, May 26th, 
and received a vote of thanks from Congress. 
He resumed his law practice, and on Dec. 20th, 
1869, was appointed by President Grant an 
associate justice of the United States Supreme 
Court, but his health had been so destroyed 
by his duties as Secretary that he died on 
Dec. ■ 27th, before his commission had been 
made out. 

HORATIO SEYMOUR. 

Horatio Seymour was born in Pompey, 
New York, May 3 ist, 18 10. He studied at va- 
rious private schools, adopted the legal pro- 
fession, and was admitted to the bar in 1832, 
but in consequence of his falling heir to his 
father's large estate, he soon withdrew from 
practice. From 1833 to 1839 ^'^^ served on 
Gov. Marcy's military staff, and in 1841 he 
was elected by the Democrats to the State 
Assembly, was three times re-elected, and was 
chosen Speaker in 1845. In 1850 he was de- 



Biographical Sketches. 43 

feated as the Democratic candidate for gov- 
ernor, but was elected in 1852. In 1854 l^e 
was renominated and defeated. In 1862 he 
was elected as a Union Democrat. He was 
in New York City when the draft riots took 
place in July, and took active measures for 
their suppression. In 1864, in a message to 
the Legislature, he advocated the payment of 
the interest on the State bonds in gold, but 
his policy was not adopted, and in conse- 
quence the bonds depreciated. In August he 
presided over the Democratic National Con- 
vention at Chicago, which nominated Gen. 
McClellan as President. He was nominated 
for the Presidency by the Democrats in 1868, 
with Francis P. Blair for Vice-President, but 
was defeated by Gen. Grant. 



WILLIAM HENRY SEWARD. 

William Henry Seward was born in 
Florida, New York, May 16th, 1801 ; gradu- 
ated at Union College in 1820, and in 1822 
began the practice of law in Auburn, where, 
in 1824, he entered into politics in opposition 



44 Lincoln at Gxttysbiti'g. 

to the Democratic party. In 1828 he favored 
the re-election of President John Oaincy 
Adams, and declined a renomination for Con- 
gress. In 1830 he was elected a State sena- 
tor on an anti-masonic ticket, and in 1833 he 
made a short European trip. In 1834 he was 
the Whig candidate for governor, but was de- 
feated ; in 1838 he was elected by a majority 
of 10,000. His administration was character- 
ized by various judicial, political, and educa- 
tional reforms. He was re-elected in 1840. 
In 1 849 he was elected United States senator, 
and became the leader of the administration 
party, taking strong ground in opposition to 
slavery. He was re-elected in 1855. In 1859 
he went abroad again, and on his return, in 
i860, he was a prominent candidate for the 
Republican presidential nomination, receiving 
the largest number of votes on the first ballot. 
He was made Secretary of State by President 
Lincoln, and by his diplomatic administration 
of foreign affairs during the war, he kept the 
country out of serious complications with 
other nations. While confined to his bed 
by the serious consequences of a runaway 



Biographical Sketches. 45 

accident, on the night of Lincobi's assassi- 
nation, April 14th, 1865, he was attacked and 
wounded by one of the conspirators, who also 
severely wounded Frederick W. Seward, as he 
came to his father's rescue. He continued in 
office under President Johnson, and became 
unpopular by his support of the President's 
reconstruction policy. He retired in 1869, 
and visited the Pacific slope, including Alaska, 
which had been purchased largely through his 
exertions. In 1870 he set out on a tour 
around the world, which lasted over a year. 
He was everywhere received with the highest 
honors. He died at his home in Auburn, 
Oct. loth, 1872. 



GIDEON WELLES. 

Gideon Welles was born in Glastenbury, 
Ct , July 1st, 1802. He was educated at the 
Norwich University, and afterwards studied 
law. In 1826 he became editor and proprietor 
of the '' Hartford Times," a Democratic news- 
paper, in the columns of which he advocated 
the election of Jackson as President. From 



46 Lincoln at Gettysburg 

1827 to 1835 he was a member of the Connec- 
ticut Legislature. In 1836 he was appointed 
postmaster of Hartford by President Jackson, 
and kept the office until 1841. In 1842 he 
was made comptroller of the State. From 
1846 to 1849 he was chief of one of the 
bureaus in the Navy Department at Washing- 
ton. He opposed the movements for the 
extension of slavery, and was a member of 
the Republican party from its organization. 
At the Republican National Convention at 
Chicago in i860, he was chairman of the 
Connecticut delegation, and, on the inaugura- 
tion of President Lincoln, was appointed Sec- 
retary of the Navy. He was at the head of 
that department throughout the v/ar, the most 
important period in its history, and remained 
until the expiration of President Johnson's 
term in 1869. He died in Hartford, on Feb. 
nth, 1878. 

HENRY WILSON. 

Henry Wilson was born in Farmington, 
New Hampshire, Feb. i6th, 18 12. He was 



Biographical Sketches. 47 

originally named Jeremiah J'ones Colbath, but 
he had his name changed when he was seven- 
teen years old. When he was ten years old 
he was apprenticed to a farmer, with whom he 
remained until he was twenty-one, receiving 
about one year's schooling during the time, 
although he had read nearly one thousand 
volumes. When he became of age he walked 
to Natick, Massachusetts, where he worked at 
shoemaking two years. He then returned to 
New Hampshire, and studied at the academies 
of Stafford, Wolfeborough, and Concord. In 
1838 he returned to the shoemaker's bench at 
Natick. He becam.e interested in politics, 
and in 1840 he took the stump for Gen. Har- 
rison. In the next five years he was- three 
times elected representative to the Legisla- 
ture and twice State senator. In 1845 he 
v/as sent to Washington with the poet Whit- 
tier to carry the great anti-slavery petition 
from Massachusetts against the annexation of 
Texas. In 1848 he left the Whigs, and was 
prominent in organizing the Free-Soil party. 
In 1850 and 1851 he was president of the 



48 Lincoln at Gettysburg. 

State Senate. Ih 1852 he was president of 
the Free-Soil National Convention at Pitts- 
burg, and chairman of the National* Com- 
mittee. In 1855 ^"'s ^vas chosen to succeed 
Edward Everett in the United States Sen- 
ate, where he remained until elected Vice- 
President. For denouncing Brooks's assault 
on Summer as "brutal, murderous, and cow- 
ardly," in a speech in the Senate, shortly after 
that event, he was challenged by Brooks, but 
manfully declined to accept. Through the 
war he was chairman of the Committee on 
Military Affairs. In the session of 1861-62 he 
introduced the bill for abolishing slavery in 
the District of Columbia. After the war he 
advocated the mildest measures towards the 
Southern States. In 1870 he made a short 
summer trip to Europe. In 1872 he received 
the Republican nomination for Vice-President 
and was elected. On Nov. loth, 1875, he was 
prostrated by a shock of paralysis, and he died 
in the national capital on Nov. 22d. He had 
nearly finished a " History of the Rise and 
Fall of the Slave Power in America." 



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